Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor free essay sample

Recently the spotlight has been set on renewable energies to assist with weaning off of greenhouse gas emissions, solving issues with energy independence, and to exploit their inherent renewability. Unfortunately our technology is not quite up to speed economically with our wish to rely completely on renewable energy, thus many non- renewable energies are recognized as viable options to power our economy (Fraser, 2011). The United States current position on diversifying with non-renewables onsists of oil, natural gas, coal, and the less spoken of, nuclear power. Nuclear power is the process by which a reactor contains a slow explosion called fission, which gives Offa positive net amount of energy that can be harvested. Of course the social stigma around nuclear is so strong that even if there were an undiscovered completely safe type of nuclear power plant, Justifying the complex science would be challenging. After events such as Fukushima, Chernobyl, and Three Mile Island, the vast majority of society believes nuclear energy is nothing more than a death wish. We will write a custom essay sample on Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Contrary to popular belief, a safer alternative in nuclear energy has been discovered and has been gaining popularity over the past few years despite the recent tragedy in Japan (Sorensen, 2011). Though newly rekindled, the non-mainstream nuclear power known as Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) was discovered in the 1960s and had been proved to be a very attractive option to the more popular Light Water Reactor (LWR). It all began with nuclear physicist Alvin Weinberg, who would graduate from the University of Chicago soon become research director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Weinberg was given the freedom to experiment with designing multiple types of nuclear reactors including the prominent LWRs that are in commercial use today. Subsequently Weinberg had noted the potential danger of a LWR and moved on to designing a safer nuclear power technology that he would end up supporting for the rest of his life. His research team at ORNL created a fluid fuel in a MSR, opposed to the traditional solid fuel in LWRs, in order to decrease the pressure and overall danger of the system. To Weinbergs delight, although this rototype MSR had corrosive issues because of the salt involved, Weinberg deemed this technology far more superior to LWR. Furthermore, the worst part about current hatred for LWRs is that although it can be a dangerous process, the technology is revolutionary and its power has potential that we are seriously unaware of. For now with our current state of knowledge about nuclear power combined with our worlds predicament with how we generate power so ineffectively, MSRs must be and should have always been the governments number one priority (Sorensen, 2011). This pecific type of nuclear reactor is certainly on the minds of at least China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, South Korea, and Australia (Furukawa, 2008). Since these countries showed interest at least by 2008 it can be assumed that they are already in the process of construction. An example for our worst-case scenario would be for the United States to simply stand back and watch as the rest ot the world capi talizes on the best power generating technology known to man. A technology that of course the United States developed and had in operation fifty years ago, but the idea simply aded away. As the majority of the US would like to go green, it may not be too early to claim the MSR as green nuclear power. Nuclear reactors do not emit greenhouse gases taking care of one of the three major concerns with the future of energy. Though observing an entire life cycle of Thorium and materials to make the power plant, there are transportation emissions involved. It turns out however, that Thorium is extremely accessible in the US as it is already mined concurrently with other rare earth minerals but is typically discarded for lack of utility. The United States has omewhere in the order of 15% of the worlds total Thorium stockpile at around 15 million tons (Bonometti, 2008). Even if we were to run out of Thorium, the Moon has even greater amounts that by the time we begin to hit peak Thorium it will surely be so far in the future that extracting moon materials would not be a challenge. As an investor this further assures a safe bet, but what is so safe about the LFTR design is that a meltdown or explosion is so much more unlikely to occur than in LWR systems. Since the carrier of thorium is a liquid, liquid fluoride, it allows standard pressure at igh temperatures. Traditionally, in LWR, water had to cool down the solid fuel since it couldnt handle the high temperatures because of high pressure, which had always been a fine line behind meltdowns (Sorensen, 2011). In the LFTR, the system can naturally correct an over heated system by melting a frozen salt plug at the base of the system to enter into an emergency cooling tank. If LFTR technology has already been proved, proved to be safe, proved to be powerful, and proved to be available and cheap, then why doesnt the world run on it? The technology itself seems to be a it mysterious itself or maybe doubtful since it has already been ignored once before. What it comes down to is the timescale that nuclear reactors had been created. Back at Oak Ridge Laboratory where Weinberg had designed nuclear power he first designed the LWR, which happened to be more dangerous, but nevertheless reported his results. Quickly academics and politicians alike were astounded by the amount of power that could be generated through nuclear fission. Academics such as Weinberg understood the dangerous design of the LWR and proceeded to design afer alternatives, hence the MSR. Politicians on the other hand, had deadlines to meet, people to please, Jobs to create, and the LWR went commercial. There is even a specific phone call between President Nixon and a California LWR director expressing swift actions to commercialize the technology before elections (Sorensen, 2011). As Weinberg fought the Nixon administration to stop continuing with LWRs he was soon fired from the Oak Ridge Lab and so did the MSR department. Thus many scientists have since seen and admired his work and have finally had reason to express its arious benefits once the inevitable failures of LWR ensued, for example, Fukushima. In addition, it is important to note how resultant issues with LWR nuclear plants in the past have all been due to the intrinsic difficulty with handling a solid fuel at its required high pressure for fission to take place. In other words, none of those accidents would have happened if they would have simply listened to their founder, Weinberg, and chose to go with an MSR design. As the public is informed with this somewhat difficult science I imagine it will take about as long to understand the itterence in types ot nuclear reactors as it did tor the majority ot the population to understand the science behind the greenhouse effect. This is based on the fact that the same oil and coal industries will be threatened along with ill-educated environmentalists who will viciously support only renewable energy.

Conflict Resolution MLB Essay

Conflict Resolution MLB Essay Conflict Resolution MLB Essay Major league baseball as we know it today began as merely a form of entertainment and good-natured competition. By the mid-1800’s the sport’s popularity had grown so much that the activity became more of a business. More and more teams and leagues were formed with the owners trying to gain the maximum benefit and financial gain from the increasingly profitable sport. Analysis As the popularity of baseball grew, the players also became increasingly aware of the value of their skills and sought ways to protect their interests while taking full advantage of their personal income potential, including exploring opportunities with other teams. Fearing the loss of players they relied on for profits, the owners joined together, without consideration for the players, and agreed to include provisions in player contracts that prevented the players from leaving one team and switching to another team. By avoiding communication with the players about their concerns and not collaborating to bring about a resolution, the owners’ actions led to distrust and the formation of unions in an attempt to strength the position of the players. The first head of the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) had experience as a hard-ball trade union negotiator who favored aggressive, pressuring tactics over the caring and fatherly approach of previous years. The owners responded by forming their own negotiating group, the Major League Player Relations Committee (PRC). Thus began many years of major league baseball contract negotiations that involved battles over contract terms between the team owners and the unions that represented the baseball players. This era was characterized by distributive negotiation approaches with each of the parties trying to get the largest share of the available resources. One example was the negotiations for the third Basic Agreement in the early 1970’s where there was disagreement over the amount the owners should contribute to the players’ pension fund. The players’ union contended that surplus pension funds existed that resulted in a bargaining range that would allow some of those funds to be used to offset higher cost-of-living expenses. True to the distributive negotiation strategy, the owners avoided communication and initially refused to share applicable financial information. The parties failed to reach an agreement and the payers went on strike. The work stoppage forced the parties to hammer out a compromise agreement that yielded $500,000 for the pension fund. However, the dispute costs for the players’ union and the owners were $1 million and $5.2 million, respectively. A similar situation occurred in 1981 when the players and owners could not reach agreement on free-agent compensation. The issue was exacerbated by the media’s attention on the hostile relationship that had developed between the leaders of the players’ union and the owners’ group. The players once again went on strike, which was settled after 50 days with the help of Federal agencies. The dispute costs in this instance were $30 million in wages for the players and $72 million in lost revenues for the owners. Ironically, the settlement was very similar to the Union’s bargaining position, but at a significant cost to both parties. The relationship between the owners and the players continued to deteriorate in the midst of owner collusion, work stoppages, and increasing demands by the players. In 1992, the head of the PRC was removed from office and the owners made a commitment to inform the players that there will be no games played unless a deal is finalized, understanding that could mean they would not play for one or two years if need be. Failure to gain agreement on salary arbitration, a â€Å"salary cap,† free agent eligibility, and distribution of television revenue prompted the players to go on strike; a work stoppage that would last 232 days. While the amount of revenue lost was

Federalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Federalism - Essay Example As Washington D.C. continues to come up with laws and regulations to guide the entire nation without engaging in much consultation with the states governments, the state legislators have voiced their disappointed for failing to be included in the process and have done this by introducing bills that seek to nullify some of the national government’s laws and regulations. State regulators claim that the national government has engaged in overregulation and have decided not to sit back and watch. The year 2014 marks the period when there has been an explosion of bills and this has aggravated the conflict between the national government and state governments further (Wheeler, â€Å"States Rise Up†). Due to the fact that federalism involves a nation being ruled by two forms of government or there being power sharing, conflicts are bound to emerge. In the second article, conflict between the national government and state governments over the issue of drug approval is discussed. An example of two terminally ill patients from the state of Massachusetts and who are brothers is given (Ollove, â€Å"Right-To-Try†). The boys suffer from a disease known as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Due to lack of proper medication, the boys’ conditions have continued to deteriorate. This is despite the fact that the right medication can be made available, if the national government revised its drug approval process. In the United States, it takes approximately 5.5 to 10.5 years for a drug to be approved by the FDA (Ollove, â€Å"Right-To-Try†). This is rather long especially given that the period is long enough for the health conditions of patients to deteriorate further and for the unfortunate ones, to never make it to receive the medication. This is the reason behind the conflict over right-to-try between state governments and the national government. States

Typhoid fever in children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Typhoid fever in children - Essay Example Moreover, typhoid fever usually hits children and young adults aged 5-19 years, although the age range can be much younger to much older (Bhan et al., 2005). Paratyphoid fever, which is a related disease, accounts for 5.4 million sick people worldwide (Crump & Mintz, 2010). Thus, one can see the severity of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever and the fatalities that they bring. Unless, therefore, there are measures to prevent typhoid fever, there is no way that the situation can be improved. 2.0 HISTORY The Salmonella enteric bacterium has evolved beginning 50,000 years ago and has been known for its â€Å"remarkable mechanisms for persistence† in the human host (Bahn et al., 2005). By the early 20th century in Europe and the United States, the disease has greatly declined because of the improvement in the water supply as well as in the sewage systems. Nevertheless, the disease remained a serious health concern for the public. It was the introduction of chloramphenicol treatme nt that somehow made typhoid fever a manageable infection and not anymore a fatal disease. Nevertheless, in 1972, some chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever emerged. This was then countered with new antibiotics – ampicillin, amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole. In the 1980s and the 1990s, some new resistant strains once more emerged and this time they are resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole. The current treatment is now third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, although there have also been reported decrease in susceptibility (Bahn et al. 2005). 3.0 SALMONELLA ENTERICA, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TYPHOID, NON TYPHOID SALMONELLAE AND S. PARATYPHI IN TERMS OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Typhoid salmonellae involve the invasion of the gut mucosa located in the terminal ileum either through the M-cells that serve as the epithelium of all gut tissue or through the enterocytes. Through the epithelial receptor called cystic fibrosis transmembrane co nductance regulator protein, the typhoid Salmonellae adhere to the intestinal mucosa in the terminal ileum. On the other hand, non-typhoidal Salmonella leads to the invasion of the non-phagocytic epithelial cells and eventually the peripheral blood leucocytes and the lamina propia. The non-typhoidal Salmonellae then reach the intestinal lymphoid tissue, the mesenteric nodes, the thoracic duct until it causes bacteremia that infects the vital organs of the body within 24 hours. The affected parts could be the spleen, the liver, the bone marrow, as well as other parts of the reticuloendothelial system (Bhan et al., 2005). Typhoid fever is found in India, Indonesia and Vietnam, as well as in Bangladesh and Nepal. Paratyphoid fever, which is less prevalent than typhoid, occurs in India and Nepal (Bhan et al., 2005). 4.0 HOW DOES THE BACTERIA CAUSE A DISEASE? S. typhi causes the disease through the invasion of the gut mucosa in the terminal ileum. Then it enters the mucosa through the M- cells or through the enterocytes (Bhan et al., 2005). As the mucosal barrier is overcome, what follows is bacteremia. Then there is exudative inflammation in the terminal ileum and colon, thus causing diarrhea. What further takes place is interstitial inflammation and decrease

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The broad membership of the panel includes people from investor community, law practitioners in the city and people from business houses. The panel became a statuary body in May-06, thereby giving it the power to enforce its rules and lows in compliance of the code. The code of the panel is also included in the part 28 of the Companies Act 2006. It is the overall responsibility of the panel towards policy making, financing and administrating functions or the Panel and its code. The two committees of Panel include the Hearing Committee and the Code Committee. It also has a Panel Executive that carries out the daily work of the Panel and is creditworthy of general administration. The Panel operates with 6 general principles, 38 rules and 4 fundamental objectives which include equal and fair treatment for shareholders, availability of information to the shareholders in proper and timely manner, restoring fair markets and preventing frustration action against any of them. B. Identify and examine economic reasons for acquisitions and mergers and discuss why the expected economic benefits may not be achieved? The primary reason for acquisitions and mergers by a firm is its desire and effort to increase its market power. For increase the size and market capitalization of the firm, company’s go for horizontal, vertical and conglomerate mergers. Other economic reasons for acquisitions and mergers include overcoming of market barriers, increased speed to the market by increasing market capitalization and gaining access to new markets, overcoming the high risk and high costs of new product development, diversification into other activities/businesses, and reshaping the firm’s competitive scope. Some companies go for mergers and acquisitions to restructure their cost of capital by increasing/diluting equity and through leverage buyouts. More often cross border acquisitions offer the company with cheap access to resources like labour and raw materials, modern technology and sometimes benefits from legality. Sometimes the expected benefits out of a merger and acquisition may not be achieved by the firms. Many firms tend to increase their cost of capital post merger rather than decreasing it. Moreover, in case of leverage buyouts many companies fall in liquidity and solvency risks by increasing their debt equity ratio more than anticipated. For a successful merger and acquisition a firm needs to understand the culture of the organization it is aiming to acquire. The firm many not receive a good support from the employees and stakeholders of the organization acquired which reduces the economic benefits expected out of the acquisition. Another primary concern in the acquisitions is the valuation of company to be acquired. In case of high valuations where a company pays high price in excess of market value for acquiring other company, economic benefits tend to dry down over a period of time. Part 2 Identify the long term funding options avail able for unquoted small and medium business enterprises, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these funding options. Small and medium businesses (SME’s) include the companies that are not listed in stock exchange and wherein business is owned by a limited number of people. Moreover, there includes family partnerships in which individuals start-off with the purpose of achieving self employment. SME’s face problems in getting financing primarily due to

Effects of Leadership in Contemporary Organization

Effects of Leadership in Contemporary Organization The practice shows that there is no any single factor that provides a greater benefit for the organization than an effective leadership. Leaders are needed in order to define goals and objectives for the organization, coordination, promote interpersonal contacts with subordinates and determine the optimal, effective solutions of various problems. Obviously, the organization with leaders can achieve all these much faster than an organization without them. Every action in the organization is associated with the manifestation of leaders power. Power is shown through the channels of power, which include: the power of coercion, influence, competence, information, official conduct, credibility, authority to award. When an individual affects the behavior of group members without the use of coercive forms of power, it is the manifestation of leadership. Leadership is important for any organization because of the need to select and nominate individuals for leadership positions, most suitable for management functions. The nature of leadership includes the persons personal qualities and the environment in which the company has its activities. A good leader should study both these issues for an effective management of the company. Leadership is a process of influence on individuals or groups of individuals to achieve the goals. Leadership is an important factor in the management of organizational management (Casimir 2006). It is a historically evolved social need of people in the organization of their joint activities. Leadership involves influence, it occurs among people, those people intentionally desire significant changes, and the changes reflect purposes shared by leaders and followers (Daft 2008). Leader is a member of organization, who has a high personal status, strong influence on the opinions and behavior of the people in the organization, and carrying out complex functions. I agree with the statement that an effective business leader is one who is well informed of the latest research which impacts upon leadership and who is also capable of applying this to their own organization within an ethical framework. As it is known, information is very important in modern business activity, it rules the world. The business leader of contemporary organization who is well informed of newest research, new technologies can lead his team and the whole organization to success. The leaders main task is not just to be aware of appropriate information and be able to apply it. His other functions are: the definition of goals and means of achieving them, coordination of team members, planning their work together, rewards and punishments, informational, controlling, representational function, etc. The process of influencing people due to the occupied position in the organization is called a formal leadership. However, the official head can not rely only on his position and the related power. The process of influence based on authority, trust, respect, skills or other resources needed by people is called informal leadership. The ideal situation for the management is a harmonious combination of the two foundations of leadership. Leadership is based on the specific needs of complex organized systems. These include the need of self-ordering and ordering the behavior of individual elements of the system to ensure its life and functional capacity. This ordering is achieved through vertical (management subordinate) and horizontal (single-level correlative connection, such as division of labor and cooperation) distribution of functions and roles, and especially the allocation of management functions and exercising its structures, which for its efficiency usually requires a hierarchical, pyramidal organization. The top management of such a pyramid is a leader (Ramsey 2004). The clarity of allocation of leadership position depends on the type of community that makes a part of the system and its relationship with the environment. In systems that are characterized by low group integration and a high degree of autonomy and freedom of the various elements and levels of the organization, functions of a leader are weak. With the increasing of the needs of the system and people in it, the functions of leadership and its structural, institutional segregation increases. In small groups, based on direct contacts of their members, the institutionalization of the leading positions can not occur. In this situation the main is the individual personality qualities, his ability to unite a group, to lead it. In big groups, the effectiveness of collective action which requires a clear functional role differentiation and specialization, as well as operational management and the rigidity of subordination, the institutionalization and formalization of (formalized) leading positions, giving them a relatively more power are required. The contemporary organization is of this type of association. It is characterized by the pursuing the certain stable goals, the realization of which requires the coherence of many people, their coordination and regulation on the basis of labor division. As a result of it, the contemporary organizations need the institutionalization of leadership that based on the positions of power goes to the forefront of management (Messeghem 2003). Analysis of the nature of leadership shows that it derives from the particular needs and requirements of people and their associations, which the leaders should meet. Leadership classically is understood as a special quality, a model of human or companys behavior, providing advanced positions (Ridder 2004). As a result, the leadership is a new model of management that can ensure the survival of the company in terms of changes. In social science model does not mean the description of natural law or law of the functioning of the company, but a certain set of ideas and beliefs. In sociology of management it is a set of representations of managers, researchers, consultants about the success or failure of organizational management. Leadership is one of the management models in modern business. Leadership as a management system should encourage the innovative behavior of employees, providing a constant creation and use of new knowledge at all levels of the organization. Thus, there are two features of this management system: providing an innovative behavior of employees; providing leaders at all levels of the organization. The leaders are those people who have eyes light up from the new ideas, who want to develop and who is interested in everything new. One of the slogans, which can be found in the literature on modern trends in business management, is: Leadership in each, resulting in the leadership of the organization (Hall 2001). Leadership implies autonomy, independence, originality. The leader must demonstrate an innovative behavior, his task is to change, improve efficiency, impact the staff, encouraging them to action. On the mechanism of the nomination, the leader may be formal and informal. In the first case, he is appointed from headship or be nominated and elected and obtain the official status of the leader. Informal leader can emerge and gain recognition in the collective of the organization because of his distinct individual, social, political, psychological and other qualities. The informal leader having the prestige and influence the behavior of people can be oppositional to a formal leader. Force and coercion under the leadership is often replaced by an incentive and inspiration. As a result, the impact of leadership approach is based on peoples acceptation of leaders demands without an explicit or direct manifestation of power. Leaders ability to influence people allows him to use the power and authority derived from his followers. In general, the leadership means that the followers accept the leader as a part of the organization only if he has proved his competence and worth. The leader gets his power from the followers, because they recognize him as a leader. To maintain his position, the leader should give the followers the opportunity to meet their needs, which can not be achieved in another way. In response, they satisfy the need in leadership in the ruling them, as well as providing the necessary support to achieve organizational goals (Kornik 2005). Leaders can have failures because of different reasons, but the success of leaders comes in many ways if they are of sufficiently similar abilities and skills. Studying the experience of many leaders shows that for the success they need the ability to create an image of the future state of the organization and bring it to the followers. Also a successful leader gives the followers the respective rights and powers to implement the vision expressed in the goal; can recognize his weaknesses and involve necessary resources. For improvement of enthusiasm and commitment, the leader may use the effective communication. Leader is a key figure in contemporary organization. But not everyone can become a leader. Here are the main three factors that are needed to become a leader of the organization in the modern world: 1. The personal desire to take a higher position and a willingness work for it; his ambition. 2. The ability to work with people. A successful leader is not always technically or economically the most trained professional. His task is to set goals and find the most suitable people to achieve them, ensuring the proper motivation. The ability to organize people to carry out their tasks is one of the most important qualities of the leader in contemporary organization. 3. The ability to assume responsibility and risk in combination with a high emotional stability. Haven taken the decision, the leader should not be sure in it. The risk is always present in the leaders work. 4. Leadership experience in rather young age (up to 35 years), when the basic behavioral patterns are formed. 5. The ability to generate and adopt new ideas that increase the efficiency of the collective. 6. The flexibility of behavior, the ability to reject erroneous strategies and adopt new solutions. 7. Good technical and commercial training, according to the specifics of the company. In the list above the fist places are taken by the personal characteristics of person, well ahead of those that are provided by education or work experience. This indicates the predominant role of psychological factors in management (Plsek 2001). Successful leaders are characterized by business features: self-confidence and the ability to take decisions in an uncertain situation, the instinctive feeling of the most important in each case, the ability to forge the right dating service, effective communication skills, advanced training and the ability to maintain poise and composure. Leaders losers are characterized by excessive softness in dealing with people, lack of theoretical and practical training, inability to succinctly and accurately articulate their thoughts, and the lack of attention to their appearance. T. Peters and R. Waterman identified eight common characteristics based on survey of 62 major successful corporations in search of effective management. For example, 8 general characteristics are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Orientation to the energetic fast action; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Permanent contact with the consumer; autonomy of executants; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consideration of people as the main source of growth in productivity and efficiency; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increased focus on one (or several) key lines of business; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Restriction of activities that are familiar and known; dedication to the business; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Simple forms of management and a small number of administrative personnel; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Combination in the management of freedom in one (autonomy and entrepreneurial performers and structural units), and stiffness in the other (a few fundamental values; corporate rules and traditions, product reliability, etc.) (Woodruffe 2004). The principal functions of the leader in contemporary organization usually include: 1. Setting goals. Goals, assigned by the leader must be realistically achievable and at the same time, be prestigious and inspire the staff. 2. The distribution of tasks, organization of joint work and responsibility for its results; recruitment. 3. Controlling the joint work of all members of the team and individual activities of subordinate employees. 4. Planning and coordination of joint activities. 5. Motivation of subordinates, rewards and punishments. 6. Keeping external relations and communications within the organization. 7. Representational functions (Dunne 2010). The main difficulties in the work of leaders are with carrying out functions associated with psychosocial stress: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leadership of subordinates; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The motivation, finding the appropriate task for everyone; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recruiting and firing the staff; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Conflict solving in the team (Shelton 2002). The leader of contemporary organization can not always afford to be gentle and kind. In the interest of the team he must be tough, and sometimes insensitive. The most important thing in his work is to cause enthusiasm among subordinates; otherwise it is difficult to achieve high performance of the team. It is even possible to say that the product of a leaders activity is a special atmosphere in the team, forcing everyone to work more efficiently. A true leader knows how to make any work interesting and important; he can help employees realize their talents in their work. Leadership in contemporary organization consists of three components: personal characteristics, socio-professional tools, technology of leadership. The leader can not be an altruist. Selfishness of the leader is manifested in the fact that the achievement of socially significant goals is only the background to solve his personal problems. He is often aggressive; he has a unique resource of thinking, when the world around him is perceived primarily as a resource for achieving the goal. The socio-professional tools include the power and mentality (social and national peculiarities of character and worldview), education and special training. There are two directions of leaders power use: self-affirmation and self-realization. The second option is constructive. The technology of leadership in contemporary organization involves the use of any of three his styles: 1) Aggressive; 2) Informative and technological; 3) Creative (Robbins 2002). At first style, includes the formation of relations of leaders superiority over the staff. This is an effective style, but very energy-intensive. The second style of leadership involves the creation of leaders team, his closest aides. The third style of leadership requires a focus on setting goals and specific targets for their achievements. In the 1980s the subject of particular interest in the theory of management was the mechanism of leaders attraction, the so-called charisma. This phenomenon is associated with the person, who has personal qualities that evoke admiration and faith in his ability(Ritter 2002). Some experts believe that some leaders such as President Reagan and the famous manager and president of Chrysler Corporation Lee Iacocca, won success through some specific personal qualities, personal charm, attraction, even magnetism. Studies of American scientists distinguish five main factors of behavior that are typical for charismatic leaders: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ focus on key issues in order to involve other people in analyzing, problem-solving and action planning; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The ability to take risks, but only based on careful calculations of the chances for success; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Skillful two-way interaction with people through the mechanisms of understanding, empathy, active listening and feedback; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Demonstration of consistency and reliability in behavior, the open expression of thoughts; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Expression of active concern for people and strengthening their self-esteem through the mechanism of involvement in the adoption and implementation of important decisions, the formation of high self-esteem and self-esteem (Zenger 1993). Talent of leadership is based on the whole complex of social and psychological qualities. An important role is played by trust and love of the group members to their leader. The credibility and trust to the leader is recognition of his high merit and competence, recognition of the need, correctness and effectiveness of his actions. This is an internal agreement with a leader to act in accordance with his plants in productivity of organization. So, in modern business world an effective leadership is not an iron or hard hand, but a high sensitivity to the needs of followers, which is manifested in the development of employees, their involvement in group activities, and assistance in achieving personal goals. Leaders play a very significant role in contemporary organizations. I agree, that an effective business leader is one who is well informed of the latest research which impacts upon leadership and who is also capable of applying this to their own organization within an ethical framework. Leaders carry out a lot of functions, such as the definition of goals and means of achieving them, coordination of team members, planning their work together, rewards and punishments, also informational, controlling, representational function, etc. The success of any organization depends on its leader. So, he is the one who sets up the goals, knows how to achieve them, how to use his human resources in the best way in order to get success. Thus, an effective leadership is a key to success of contemporary organization. Work Cited: Casimir, G., Waldman, D. A., Bartram, T., Yang, S. (Jan. 1. 2006). Trust and the Relationship between Leadership and Follower Performance: Opening the Black Box in Australia and China Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies. P. 5. Daft, R.L. (2008). The Leadership Experience, 4th Ed, Thompson, Australia (RLD). p. 4. Dunne, S., Spoelstra, S. (Apr. 1. 2010). The Gift of Leadership. Philosophy Today. P. 12. Hall, B.P. (2001). Values development and learning organizations. Journal of Knowledge Management. No. 1. pp. 19-32. Kornik, J. (Dec. 1. 2005). With Leaders Like TheseTraining. p. 8. Messeghem, K. (May. 1. 2003). Strategic entrepreneurship and managerial activities in SMEs. International Small Business Journal. P. 18. Ramsey, R. D. (Nov. 1. 2004). Real Leaders Evolve. Supervision. P. 11. Ridder, D., Jan, A. (Jan. 1. 2004). Organisational communication and supportive employees. Human Resource Management Journal. P. 17. Ritter, T., Wilkinson, I.F. (2002). Measuring network competence: some international evidence. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing. Vol. 17. No. 2. p. 7. Shelton, C.D. (October 2002). Leading in the age of paradox: optimizing behavioral style, job fit and cultural cohesion. Leadership and Organization Development Journal. No. 7. pp. 372-379. Plsek, P. E., Wilson, T. (Sept. 29. 2001). Complexity, leadership, and management in healthcare organizations. British Medical Journal (International edition). p. 14. Robbins, S.P. (2002). Organizational Behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall. 10th Ed. p. 56. Woodruffe, C. (Oct. 1. 2004). The psychology of leadership: six main approaches. Training Journal. Pp. 14-15. Zenger, J.H., Musselwhite, E., Hurson, K., Perrin, C. (1993). Leading Teams: Mastering the New Role. Irvin Professional. pp. 14-15.

Wedding Speech for a Maid of Honor or Best Woman :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Speech for a Maid of Honor or Best Woman My role of today is that of a Maid of Honor, and my name is Popen. Alison and I have known each other since tenth grade, eight years, which quite frankly, seems just like yesterday on one hand†¦and like a million years ago on the other! Have you ever really thought about what friendship truly means to you? Well, I have especially when it comes to Alison and I. My friendship with her has been special to me, because she was a great person to go through the trauma of our teenage years with! No matter how much we have been through, we have always been there for each other through thick and thin. We support each other and stick up for one another when the other needs us most. We have gotten a lot closer over the years. We have seen other through the good, the bad and the ugly. I have loved watching this romance bloom. Nanen is a great guy! He’s funny, friendly, really easy to get along with and really talkative especially once you get him going. Alison has just blossomed since Nanen came into her life. When Alison met Nanen it was obvious from the very beginning that he was the one. There was something different about him. She seemed to sparkle more than ever before. She’s become happier and has a better outlook on life in general. I look so forward to the future for these two. I know that Alison and Nanen will last a lifetime with each other. They just seem to have that certain something about them, and I know that theirs will truly be – a match made in heaven.

Frostbite Chapter 20

Twenty We NEEDED AN ESCAPE PLAN, and we needed it fast. Unfortunately, my only ideas called for things that really weren't under my control. Like us being left completely alone so we could sneak off. Or having stupid guards whom we could easily fool and slip away from. At the very least, we should have been sloppily secured so that we could break free. None of that was happening, though. After almost twenty-four hours, our situations hadn't really changed. We were still prisoners, still securely bound. Our captors stayed vigilant, almost as efficient as any group of guardians. Almost. The closest we got to freedom was heavily supervised- and extremely embarrassing- bathroom breaks. The men gave us no food or water. That was rough on me, but the human and vampire mix made dhampirs hardy. I could handle being uncomfortable, even though I was fast reaching a point where I would have killed for a cheeseburger and some really, really greasy french fries. For Mia and Christian†¦well, things were a little harder. Moroi could go weeks without food and water if they were still getting blood. Without blood, they could manage a few days before getting sick and weak, so long as they still had other sustenance. That was how Lissa and I had managed while living on our own, since I hadn't been able to feed her every day. Take away food, blood, and water, and Moroi endurance dropped through the floor. I was hungry, but Mia and Christian were ravenous. Already, their faces looked gaunt, their eyes almost feverish. Isaiah made matters worse during his subsequent visits. Each time, he would come down and ramble on in his annoying, taunting way. Then, before leaving, he'd take another drink from Eddie. By the third visit, I could practically see Mia and Christian salivating. Between the endorphins and lack of food, I was pretty sure Eddie didn't even know where we were. I couldn't really sleep under these conditions, but during the second day, I started nodding off now and then. Starvation and exhaustion will do that to you. At one point, I actually dreamed, surprising since I didn't really think I could fall into a deep slumber under such insane conditions. In the dream- and I knew perfectly well that it was a dream- I stood on a beach. It took me a moment to recognize just which beach it was. It was along the Oregon coast- sandy and warm, with the Pacific unfolding in the distance. Lissa and I had traveled out here once when we lived in Portland. It had been a gorgeous day, but she couldn't handle being out in that much sun. We'd kept the visit short as a result, but I'd always wished I could have stayed longer and basked in all that. Now I had all the light and warmth I could want. â€Å"Little dhampir,† said a voice behind me. â€Å"It's about time.† I turned around in surprise and found Adrian Ivashkov watching me. He had on khakis and a loose shirt and- in a surprisingly casual style for him- wore no shoes. Wind ruffled his brown hair, and he kept his hands stuffed in his pockets as he regarded me with that trademark smirk of his. â€Å"Still got your protection,† he added. Frowning, I thought for a moment he was staring at my chest. Then I realized his eyes were on my stomach. I had on jeans and a bikini top, and once again, the little blue eye pendant dangled from my belly-button. The chotki was on my wrist. â€Å"And you're in the sun again,† I said. â€Å"So I suppose it's your dream.† â€Å"It's our dream.† I wiggled my toes in the sand. â€Å"How can two people share a dream?† â€Å"People share dreams all the time, Rose.† I looked up at him with a frown. â€Å"I need to know what you mean. About there being darkness around me. What does it mean?† â€Å"Honestly, I don't know. Everyone has light around them, except for you. You have shadows. You take them from Lissa.† My confusion grew. â€Å"I don't understand.† â€Å"I can't get into it right now,† he told me. â€Å"That's not why I'm here.† â€Å"You're here for a reason?† I asked, my eyes wandering to the blue-gray water. It was hypnotic. â€Å"You aren't just†¦here to be here?† He stepped forward and caught my hand, forcing me to look up at him. All amusement was gone. He was dead serious. â€Å"Where are you?† â€Å"Here,† I said, puzzled. â€Å"Just like you.† Adrian shook his head. â€Å"No, that's not what I mean. In the real world. Where are you?† The real world? Around us, the beach suddenly blurred, like a film going out of focus. Moments later, everything steadied itself. I racked my brain. The real world. Images came to me. Chairs. Guards. Flex-cuffs. â€Å"In a basement †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I said slowly. Alarm suddenly shattered the beauty of the moment as everything came back to me. â€Å"Oh God, Adrian. You've got to help Mia and Christian. I can't- â€Å" Adrian's grip on my hand tightened. â€Å"Where?† The world shimmered again, and this time it didn't refocus. He swore. â€Å"Where are you, Rose?† The world began to disintegrate. Adrian began to disintegrate. â€Å"A basement. In a house. In- â€Å" He was gone. I woke up. The sound of the room's door opening startled me back to reality. Isaiah swept in with Elena in tow. I had to fight a sneer when I saw her. He was arrogant and mean and all-around evil. But he was that way because he was a leader. He had the strength and power to back up his cruelty- even if I didn't like it. But Elena? She was a lackey. She threatened us and made snide comments, but most of her ability to do so came from being his sidekick. She was a total suck-up. â€Å"Hello, children,† he said. â€Å"How are we doing today?† Sullen glares answered him. He strolled over to Mia and Christian, hands folded behind his back. â€Å"Any changes of heart since my last visit? You're taking an awfully long time, and it's upsetting Elena. She's very hungry, you see, but- I suspect- not as hungry as you two.† Christian narrowed his eyes. â€Å"Fuck off,† he said through gritted teeth. Elena snarled and lunged forward. â€Å"Don't you dare- â€Å" Isaiah waved her off. â€Å"Leave him alone. It just means we wait a little longer, and really, it's an entertaining wait.† Elena's eyes shot daggers at Christian. â€Å"Honestly,† continued Isaiah, watching Christian, â€Å"I can't decide which I want more: to kill you or have you join us. Either option offers its own amusements.† â€Å"Don't you get tired of hearing yourself talk?† asked Christian. Isaiah considered. â€Å"No. Not really. And I don't get tired of this, either.† He turned around and walked toward Eddie. Poor Eddie could barely sit upright in his chair anymore after all the feedings he'd gone through. Worse, Isaiah didn't even need to use compulsion. Eddie's face simply lit up with a stupid grin, eager for the next bite. He was as addicted as a feeder. Anger and disgust flooded through me. â€Å"Damn it!† I yelled. â€Å"Leave him alone!† Isaiah glanced back at me. â€Å"Be silent, girl. I don't find you nearly as amusing as I do Mr. Ozera.† â€Å"Yeah?† I snarled. â€Å"If I piss you off so much, then use me to prove your stupid point. Bite me instead. Put me in my place, and show me what a badass you are.† â€Å"No!† exclaimed Mason. â€Å"Use me.† Isaiah rolled his eyes. â€Å"Good God. What a noble lot. You're all Spartacus, aren't you?† He strolled away from Eddie and put a finger under Mason's chin, tilting his head up. â€Å"But you,† Isaiah said, â€Å"don't really mean it. You only offer because of her.† He released Mason and walked in front of me, staring down with those black, black eyes. â€Å"And you †¦ I didn't really believe you at first either. But now?† He knelt down so that he was at my height. I refused to look away from his eyes, even though I knew that put me at risk of compulsion. â€Å"I think you really mean it. And it's not all nobility, either. You do want it. You really have been bitten before.† His voice was magical. Hypnotic. He wasn't using compulsion, exactly, but he definitely had an unnatural charisma surrounding him. Like Lissa and Adrian. I hung on his every word. â€Å"Lots of times, I'd guess,† he added. He leaned toward me, breath hot against my neck. Somewhere beyond him, I could hear Mason shouting something, but all of my focus was on how close Isaiah's teeth were to my skin. In the last few months, I'd only been bitten once- and that was when Lissa had had an emergency. Before then, she'd bitten me at least twice a week for two years, and I had only recently come to realize how addicted to that I'd been. There is nothing- nothing- in the world like a Moroi bite, like the flood of bliss it sends into you. Of course, by all accounts, Strigoi bites were even more powerful†¦. I swallowed, suddenly aware of my own heavy breathing and racing heart. Isaiah gave a low chuckle. â€Å"Yes. You're a blood whore in the making. Unfortunate for you- because I'm not going to give you what you want.† He backed away, and I slumped forward in my chair. Without further delay, he returned to Eddie and drank. I couldn't watch, but it was because of envy this time, not disgust. Longing burned inside of me. I ached for that bite, ached for it with every nerve in my body. When Isaiah finished, he started to leave the room, then paused. He directed his words at Mia and Christian. â€Å"Don't delay,† he warned. â€Å"Seize your opportunity to be saved.† He tilted his head toward me. â€Å"You even have a willing victim.† He left. Across the room, Christian met my eyes. Somehow, his face looked even gaunter than it had a couple of hours ago. Hunger burned in his gaze, and I knew I wore the complementary one: a desire to sate that hunger. God. We were so screwed. I think Christian realized it at the same time. His lips twisted into a bitter smile. â€Å"You never looked so good, Rose,† he managed, just before the guards told him to shut up. I dozed a little throughout the day, but Adrian didn't return to my dreams. Instead, while hovering just at the edge of consciousness, I found myself slipping into familiar territory: Lissa's head. After all the weirdness of these last two days, being in her mind felt like a homecoming. She was in one of the lodge's banquet rooms, only it was empty. She sat on the floor of the far side of it, trying to stay inconspicuous. Nervousness filled her. She was waiting for something- or rather, someone. A few minutes later, Adrian slipped in. â€Å"Cousin,† he said by way of greeting. He sat down beside her and drew his knees up, unconcerned about his expensive dress pants. â€Å"Sorry I'm late.† â€Å"It's okay,† she said. â€Å"You didn't know I was here until you saw me, did you?† She shook her head, disappointed. I felt more confused than ever. â€Å"And sitting with me †¦ you can't really notice anything?† â€Å"No.† He shrugged. â€Å"Well. Hopefully it'll come soon.† â€Å"How does it look for you?† she asked, burning with curiosity. â€Å"Do you know what auras are?† â€Å"They're like †¦ bands of light around people, right? Some New Age thing?† â€Å"Something like that. Everyone has a sort of spiritual energy that radiates out from them. Well, almost everyone.† His hesitation made me wonder if he was thinking of me and the darkness I allegedly walked in. â€Å"Based on the color and appearance, you can tell a lot about a person†¦well, if anyone could actually see auras, that is.† â€Å"And you can,† she said. â€Å"And you can tell I use spirit from my aura?† â€Å"Yours is mostly gold. Like mine. It'll shift with other colors depending on the situation, but the gold always stays.† â€Å"How many other people out there like us do you know?† â€Å"Not many. I just see them every once in a while. They kind of keep to themselves. You're the first I've actually ever talked to. I didn't even know it was called ‘spirit.' Wish I'd known about this when I didn't specialize. I just figured I was some kind of freak.† Lissa held up her arm and stared, willing herself to see the light shining around it. Nothing. She sighed and let the arm drop. And that's when I got it. Adrian was a spirit user too. That was why he'd been so curious about Lissa, why he'd wanted to talk to her and ask about the bond and her specialization. It also explained a lot of other things- like that charisma I couldn't seem to escape when I was near him. He'd used compulsion that day Lissa and I had been in his room- that was how he'd forced Dimitri to release him. â€Å"So, they finally let you go?† Adrian asked her. â€Å"Yeah. They finally decided I really didn't know anything.† â€Å"Good,† he said. He frowned, and I realized he was sober for a change. â€Å"And you're sure you don't?† â€Å"I already told you that. I can't make the bond work that way.† â€Å"Hmm. Well. You've got to.† She glared. â€Å"What, you think I'm holding back? If I could find her, I would!† â€Å"I know, but to have it at all, you must have a strong connection. Use that to talk to her in her dreams. I tried, but I can't hang on long enough to- â€Å" â€Å"What did you say?† exclaimed Lissa. â€Å"Talk to her in her dreams?† Now he looked puzzled. â€Å"Sure. Don't you know how to do that?† â€Å"No! Are you kidding? How is that even possible?† My dreams †¦ I remembered Lissa talking about unexplained Moroi phenomena, how there might be spirit powers out there beyond healing, things no one even knew about yet. It would appear that Adrian being in my dreams was no coincidence. He'd managed to get inside my head, maybe in a way similar to how I saw Lissa's mind. The thought made me uneasy. Lissa could barely even grasp it. He ran a hand through his hair and tipped his head back, staring at the crystal chandelier above as he pondered. â€Å"Okay. So. You don't see auras, and you don't talk to people in dreams. What do you do?† â€Å"I †¦ I can heal people. Animals. Plants, too. I can bring dead things back to life.† â€Å"Really?† He looked impressed. â€Å"Okay. You get credit for that. What else?† â€Å"Um, I can use compulsion.† â€Å"We can all do that.† â€Å"No, I can really do it. It's not hard. I can make people do anything I want- even bad things.† â€Å"So can I.† His eyes lit up. â€Å"I wonder what would happen if you tried to use it on me†¦.† She hesitated and absentmindedly ran her fingers over the textured red carpet. â€Å"Well†¦ I can't.† â€Å"You just said you could.† â€Å"I can- just not right now. I take this prescription †¦ for depression and other stuff†¦and it cuts me off from the magic.† He threw his arms up in the air. â€Å"How can I teach you to walk through dreams then? How else are we going to find Rose?† â€Å"Look,† she said angrily, â€Å"I don't want to take the meds. But when I was off them †¦ I did really crazy stuff. Dangerous stuff. That's what spirit does to you.† â€Å"I don't take anything. I'm okay,† he said. No, he wasn't, I realized. Lissa realized it too. â€Å"You got really weird that day when Dimitri was in your room,† she pointed out. â€Å"You started rambling, and you didn't make any sense.† â€Å"Oh, that? Yeah †¦ it happens now and then. But seriously, not often. Once a month, if that.† He sounded sincere. Lissa stared at him, suddenly reevaluating everything. What if Adrian could do it? What if he could use spirit without pills and without any harmful side effects? It would be everything she had been hoping for. Besides, she wasn't even sure if the pills would keep working anymore†¦. He smiled, guessing what she was thinking. â€Å"What do you say, cousin?† he asked. He didn't need to use compulsion. His offer was plenty tempting in its own right. â€Å"I can teach you everything I know if you're able to touch the magic. It'll take a while for the pills to get out of your system, but once they do †¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Inmate Rights in Americas System

Inmate Rights in Americas System Introduction Like other criminal justice systems around the world, America’s system has undergone significant changes to become what it is today. During the 19th century, the â€Å"hands-off doctrine† described the relationship between American courts and the correctional system of the country (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inmate Rights in America’s System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prisoners were largely viewed by the law as slaves of the nation, without human rights which take place today. Judges in the criminal justice department argued that prisoners lacked rights because of their criminal charges. As a result, courts took no responsibility in interfering with the management of prisons in order to avoid conflict of power between two state departments. Nonetheless, the â€Å"hands-off doctrine† did not last forever; it was changed in the sec ond half of the 20th century after American courts were convinced that they had a responsibility in resolving several legal claims, which were being raised by inmates. Proponents also sought to challenge the constitution in ensuring that the voice of the inmates was heard, concerning their prison life. Through several amendments, the American courts today recognize the rights of prisoners even though they are limited as compared to those enjoyed by free citizens (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012). This paper discuses the rights of inmates in America as compared to those enjoyed by prisoners in other countries like the United Kingdom, and Canada. Inmate Rights in the United States Right to Free Speech American inmates have freedom of speech conceived in 1970. It requires justification as to why an inmate should be denied this right at any given moment. In regards to this, prisoners challenged the states’ censorship on mails in 1974 arguing that it was a move aimed at undermining thei r right to freedom of speech.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though this move was considered to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, it was ruled that inmates’ freedom could only be limited if it was a security threat to the state (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012). Additionally, the limitation can be justified only within the boundaries of protecting the interests of the federal government. Besides this, prisoners’ degree of association is limited by the activities of their labor union. This implies that inmates can only interact as directed by the union, which designs and executes prison activities. Access to Courts It has been argued that the right for an inmate to access courts during their prison life is very important and can be seen as the most essential right among others. This is supported by the Civil Rights Act of 1871, which has cont inuously served as the backbone of promoting inmates’ rights. Victory emanating from such lawsuits has also played a major role in ensuring that inmates are provided with a jailhouse lawyer, who offers any required legal advice (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012). In essence, a jailhouse lawyer is an inmate who advises other prisoners on various legal matters. Moreover, inmates have the right to access law libraries, which play a fundamental role in helping them to understand their rights as defined by the state. Knowledge obtained from these libraries is equally important in helping them to understand their criminal offenses, punishment, and court processes. Disciplinary Proceedings According to the 5th and 14th Amendments, all American citizens are guaranteed the due process. In this context, courts have the responsibility of putting in place relevant procedures to curb cases of inmates being deprived off their right of freedom. Similarly, inmates are supposed to have knowledge of the charges, before they appear in court for hearings. It is responsibility of the court to ensure that inmates are served with required notices early enough (Dervan, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inmate Rights in America’s System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides being notified, inmates have the right to invite witnesses during the hearings to witness in their favor as a way of convincing the court. Apart from this, American inmates have the right to be helped during the presentation of a defense in court proceedings. However, this does not compel the court to provide an attorney for the accused. They also have the right to support their evidence with written statements, which offer an explanation of the evidence. Equal Protection As stated under the Fourteenth Amendment, all citizens have equal protection of the laws of the state. Though this is the case, lawsuits against racial seg regation are common in the United States (Dervan, 2011). On the other hand, gender-based biasness occurs mainly in workplaces and educational centers, and most of the cases involve women, who are considered to be more prone than men. Throughout the implementation of the law that guarantees this right, courts have upheld that female and male inmates deserve equal privileges at any given moment. Right to Privacy Unlike other citizens, American inmates lack the Fourth Amendment right, which protects people against unfair search and seizure by security agents. As a result, correctional centers are allowed to monitor the movement of prisoners in cells and carry out searches that are not warranted. During Hudson v. Palmer (1984), the court upheld that prisoners did not have privacy coverage under the Fourth Amendment of the American law (Dervan, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While this was the case, it had been argued that prisoners lacked entitlement to privacy because of security reasons, which demanded that inspections and searches were carried out randomly. Rights in Conflict Under this category of rights, there are cases of conflicting rights and interests. For instance, there have been lawsuits filed against correctional officers of the opposite sex observing inmates during a prison search. The conflict arises from the fact that inmates and correctional administrators have their legal rights (Dervan, 2011). For example, inmates are usually concerned about their privacy, while the officers have equal job opportunities in spite of their gender, while prison officials have been mandated to ensure that the correctional centers are safe. In some states, like Alabama, the court does not allow women to work in maximum-security centers to eliminate the risk posed by male inmates on female officers. Rights upon Release Though inmates may be set free accord ing to court procedures, they find it hard to fit back in the society because of legal obstacles. For instance, ex-convicts of murder are deprived of the right to vote or take specific job positions in certain fields. Moreover, civil death terminates all the civil rights, although there is no state in America, which uses the law. It has been argued that voter disenfranchisement is one of the worst penalties against former inmates (Schmalleger Smykla, 2012). As a result, there are millions of black ex-convicts who are not allowed to participate in any voting exercise. Inmate Rights in the United Kingdom Like the United States, England recognizes some rights for those people who are held in prisons because of different reasons. Some of these rights give details on how inmates can make complaints through the ombudsman and their accessibility to lawyers for the sake of making legal proceedings at any given moment. Reception Upon reception, the UK law allows prison officers to search al l inmates and take their photographs if it is necessary. Among other reasons, the search ensures that prisoners do not possess items, which are not permitted by the law. In order to enforce this, prisoners are usually given a list of items to go through upon arrival at any correctional center before signing it (Owers, 2010). Additionally, prisoners are not allowed to be in a possession of cash but rather pay it using account under the management of the governor. An information book is also given to all prisoners as a way of helping them to adapt to the new environment outside of the society. On the other hand, prison rules are only given to those who request them from prison officers. Access to Lawyers According to prison laws in the United Kingdom, inmates are allowed to be visited by their solicitors and even communicate with them. Importantly, a prisoner is free to contact the solicitor without necessarily contacting the prison authorities. Furthermore, complaints about prison li fe can only be revealed in public after the solicitor has legally advised the prisoner (Owers, 2010). The law was first applied by the European Court of Human Rights and the court took stern measures to avoid any interference. The right also guarantees inmates the confidentiality on any material, which prisoners are permitted to posses. Letters Prisoners are allowed to send a statutory letter in a week, whose payment is made and another privilege letter whose postage fee is paid with money, which is not directly drawn from the private cash allowance. It is worth noting that no correctional center is allowed to interfere with the statutory letter as a way of disciplining an inmate (Murray, 2011). In cases where inmates are granted special letters, it is essential to note that such letters are independent from existing privileges. Prisoners are also issued with a special letter, which allows them to settle their businesses in cases where they have been transferred to other centers or released. While these restrictions exist in correctional centers, all inmates in open prisons are free to send any number of letters without legal restriction. Moreover, un-convicted prisoners are allowed to pay for as many letters as they can even though they are also entitled to two weekly letters, which are paid by the prison (Murray, 2011). Censorship According to the law, mails are only opened in correctional centers holding high-risk inmates while other prisoners receive their mails without being opened by the facility authority. While this is the case, officials may check letters, which are sent by criminals convicted of sexual-related crimes. In terms of content, the governor may resend the letters to the initial correspondent if they are too long and beyond recommended length. The letters may also be resend if they are rejected by the prisoner, regarded as the addressee (Easton, 2008). Special requests and complaints are usually made by filling a general application form, a nd prisoners are allowed to contact their lawyers where it is necessary. Inmates who break prison rules go through disciplinary proceedings to determine their punishment. Either an independent adjudicator or a governor can hear and determine the case. Inmate Rights in Canada Like in the United States, early years saw Canadian prisoners suffer in the hands of courts due to the lack of recognition of their rights. In most cases, inmates had to clear their jail terms or willfully choose to die, without being granted a fair trial in court. In other words, inmates lost all their civil rights and survived at the mercies of the correctional center (Grossman Roberts, 2011). It was horrible for a person to be imprisoned since prison life was more horrifying than dwelling of beggars in the streets. As a result, prisoners were the most inferior members of the society. It is believed that this trend was adopted after a public outcry arguing that prisoners enjoyed life more than free and innoce nt citizens. It was therefore necessary for them to be deprived of their civil rights. However, the manner in which inmates are treated in Canada today has significantly changed, and people are guaranteed several civil rights, which are contained in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Grossman Roberts, 2011). These rights are important in ensuring that procedural rights for inmates are upheld by the court and correctional centers. Among others, the charter guarantees inmates the freedom of religion, association, security, life, equality, liberty, and protection from detention. Timely and Fair Trial Like other citizens, inmates have the right for unbiased trial in a court of law within a reasonable time frame. This implies that impartial trial is not enough when the court takes unreasonable trial time that is almost equivalent to the jail term. However, it is worth noting that most judicial systems around the world experience slow processing of trials, thus detaining inmate s who end up winning their cases. Some legal experts have argued that there is a gap in the Canadian justice system, especially when referring to reasonable time of trial (Grossman Roberts, 2011). While this is the case, the system gives direction regarding the time within which certain actions are carried out. Most offences take a maximum of thirty days before being concluded while those that involve serious crimes may take between twenty three and forty one days. On the other hand, minor cases in which the accused is innocent may take a minimum of fourteen days before determination (Grossman Roberts, 2011). Like in America and the United Kingdom, Canadian law allows inmates to receive legal assistance and representation during court proceedings. The right to a defense ensures that the accused can defend himself through the assistance of the counsel. Nevertheless, prisoners do not have an automatic assurance of the counsel. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evident that most countries transformed their criminal justice systems in order to protect the rights of inmates, which had not existed during the middle of the 20th century. America, the UK, and Canada have laws, which ensure that inmates are not deprived of certain rights in spite of their criminal records and current state. Common rights include right to life, protection, access to courts and protection against discrimination among others. However, the United Kingdom has more protection of inmates compared to America. As a result, British inmates enjoy more rights than their counterparts in the USA and Canada. Above all, rights of inmates cannot be equal to the rights of free citizens. References Dervan, E. (2011). American prison culture in an international context: an examination of prisons in America, the Netherlands, and Israel. Stanford Law Policy Review, 22(2), 413-428. Easton, S. (2008). Constructing Citizenship: Making Room for Prisoners Rights. Journal Of Social Welfare Family Law , 30 (2), 127-146. Grossman, M., Roberts, J. (2011). Criminal Justice in Canada: A Reader. Connecticut: Cengage Learning. Murray, C. (2011). Playing for Time: Prisoner Disenfranchisement under the ECHR after Hirst v United Kingdom. Kings Law Journal, 22(3), 309-334. Owers, A. (2010). Prison Inspection and the Protection of Prisoners Rights. Pace Law Review, 30 (5), 1535-1547. Schmalleger, F., Smykla, J. (2012). Corrections in the 21st Century. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.

Anecdote and Anecdotal

Anecdote and Anecdotal Anecdote and Anecdotal Anecdote and Anecdotal By Maeve Maddox The historian Procopius of Caesarea lived during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian (482-565). His history of the wars of Justinian was published during his lifetime, but another of his works, now referred to as The Secret History, remained unpublished until the manuscript was discovered in the Vatican Library and published in 1623. Although unpublished for centuries, the existence of The Secret History was known earlier, because it is mentioned in a 10th century encyclopedia called the Suda; there, the work is referred to by the Greek word Anekdota, which in Latin is Anecdota, â€Å"unpublished writings.† A very good reason that the work was not published in the time of Justinian is the fact that it contains extremely unflattering stories about the private lives of the emperor and his wife. The earliest meaning of anecdote in English is â€Å"Secret, private, or hitherto unpublished narratives or details of history.† Later, the word came to have its present meaning: â€Å"The narrative of a detached incident, or of a single event, told as being in itself interesting or striking.† As Vice-President, Coolidge and his vivacious wife Grace were invited to quite a few parties, where the legend of Silent Cal was born. It is from this time that most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate. The adjective anecdotal dates from the 18th century. It can mean simply â€Å"pertaining to anecdotes,† but in modern usage it is often used in the sense of â€Å"unreliable.† anecdotal: based on or consisting of reports or observations of usually unscientific observers Merriam-Webster Unabridged anecdotal: (of an account) not necessarily true or reliable, because based on personal accounts rather than facts or research. OxfordDictionaries The legal term hearsay refers to â€Å"anecdotal evidence/testimony†: hearsay: second-hand evidence in which the witness is not telling what he/she knows personally, but what others have said to him/her. Legal Dictionary at law.com Examples of the use of anecdotal and anecdotally: I hope you realize that youre using the same rhetoric that the people who dont believe in climate change use. Youre using anecdotal warmth in a particular part of the globe to prove climate change. The medical community has soundly refuted these theories [that autism is caused by vaccines], but a very passionate group of parents and researchers continue to disagree, based on anecdotal evidence. The recent medical controversy over whether vaccinations cause autism reveals a habit of human cognition- thinking anecdotally comes naturally, whereas thinking scientifically does not. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Work of Art TitlesWriting Styles (with Examples)

Collateral mortgage obligations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16250 words

Collateral mortgage obligations - Essay Example This descriptive research aimed at studying the numerous valuation methodologies of prepayment speeds with Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMO) tranches in order to analyze the importance of these valuation methods in dealing with the complexities of the current economic scenes. The chief objective of the study mainly scrutinized the relevance of these CMOs to the current economic situations. Collateralized Mortgage Obligations have been referred to as claims that arise from cash flows from large pools of home mortgages. The CMOs are designed such that principals and interests once received from mortgage holders are distributed to the tranches. As debt derivatives, they provide retail and institutional investors the possibility of higher yields with a Standard & Poor ratings AA or AAA ratings. CMO present interest rate risk, as well as prepayment risk that make it very sensitive. The 2007 financial bubble was one of the reasons that led to the decline in CMOs due to their inabil ity to prevent the above mentioned risks. Therefore, the study set out to establish a standardized valuation model for CMO retail custodian platforms using historical data from FNMA, collection of empirical data from direct observation and unstructured questionnaires from the FINRA firms. From the investigation of the two major forms of valuation, namely ‘Fixed-rate mortgage’ and ‘adjustable –rate credit valuation’ methodologies, it was possible to actually determine a standard valuation of a five-tranche CMO that can be applied to the pricing model. This proposed quantitative descriptive research study discusses the various valuation methodologies of prepayment speeds with Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMO) tranches and analyzes the way the prevalent valuation methods are useful in current complex economic scenarios. The objective of this study is primarily to examine the applicability of various methods of valuation for pricing the CMOs so as to determine their

Prop 30 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prop 30 - Research Paper Example In November 2012, elections were conducted all over California in order to evaluate whether people were ready to increase the tax rates so that budget cuts could be prevented in the educational sector. According to the website of California Secretary of State, 54% of the voters favored taxes to be increased to finance education system. On the other hand, almost 46% of the total vote’s caste was in opposition to this initiative. Contextually, it should be mentioned that Jerry Brown, the governor of California had given full support to Prop 30. On the other hand, small businessmen and entrepreneurs opposed this proposition. They said that increasing the taxes would affect the businesses in the state adversely. Hence, that would be compensated by job cuts and shut down of smaller firms. Thesis Prop 30 is based on an utmost democratic approach that not only supports the freedom of expression but also takes on a combinatory political approach that ventures to adjudge popular mental ity on the mandate of free education. Particularly after the Civil War and abolition of slavery, equality has been a key area of both debate and pursuit in the American society, where social stratifications are supposed to be aligned to the merit based parameters. But what if education becomes costly? What if the economically backward children are left behind and the public schools raise their fees? Nevertheless, a just education system should be accessible to the economically backward people too. Hence, if it be necessary to increase taxes on the general public so that the schools can be financed better and broader educational outreach is harnessed, people must take a positive approach. California indeed needs educational reforms and the majority of Californians wish to see reforms. In this way, Temporary Taxes to Fund Education should be supported to provide more wealth to the educational establishments. By the means of public funding, governments can really open up the doors of w elfare economy to fulfill the popular aspirations. In the first go, this all may seem to be politically biased populist measures. But if we think a little deeper then we can accept that Californian education system has some real problems which should be solved with real solutions. Hence, Prop 30 was a move that deserved popular support. Discussion Educational disparities raise serious questions on the credibility of American Dream. â€Å"California leads the United States in the total number of African Americans enrolled in higher education, although the proportion of African American students enrolled in higher education continues to decline. Close to 76% of all African Americans in public elementary school graduate from high school, but only 13% go on to graduate from institutions in the California state higher education systems.† (Allen, Bonous-Hammarth, and Teranishi, 1-2) Higher education prospects in California appear to be parallel to a racially biased apartheid system . It reflects a sort of extreme socioeconomic disparity. An outstanding and reachable public higher education system augmented California’s economic development. But today, the lack of an equal opportunity based educational paradigm is playing a significant role to undermine the future prospects of the African American population. Therefore, educational reforms must be initiated to help California maintain its justifiable vibrancies and democratic institutions. Nevertheless, certain